Anishinabe History


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Montana Ojibwe Reservations and their Communities Book

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Place Names of the Ojibwa in Future Codes Book



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Ojibwa Towns Air Ronge, Saskatchewan Ball Club, Minnesota Batchewana, Ontario Battle Point, Minnesota Bay Mills, Michigan Bena, Minnesota Box Elder, Montana Browning, Montana Cass Lake, Minnesota Chippewa Hill, Ontario Chippewas of the Thames, Ontario Couchiching, Ontario Constance Lake, Ontario Cowessess, Saskatchewan Crow Agency, Montana Dupree, South Dakota Eagle Butte, South Dakota East Glacier, Montana East Moberly Lake, British Columbia Fort Belknap Agency, Montana Fort Duchesne, Utah Fort Hall, Idaho Fort William, Ontario Furnace Creek, California Garden River, Ontario Grand Rapids, Manitoba Green Lake, Saskatchewan Gull Bay, Ontario Harlem, Montana Heart Butte, Montana Kahkewistahaw, Saskatchewan Kashechewan, Ontario Kipawa, Quebec Keshena, Wisconsin Kitigan Zibi, Quebec La Loche, Saskatchewan Lac La Ronge, Saskatchewan Lac Simon, Quebec Lodge Grass, Montana Makwa Sahgaiehcan, Saskatchewan Maskwacis, Alberta Mississagi, Ontario Naytahwaush, Minnesota North Browning, Montana O'Chiese, Alberta Ogema, Minnesota Opaskwayak, Manitoba Pablo, Montana Pala, California Peguis, Manitoba Pikogan, Quebec Pine Creek, Manitoba Pine Ridge, South Dakota Ponemah, Minnesota Poplar, Montana Redby, Minnesota Red Lake, Minnesota Sandy Bay, Manitoba Sells, Arizona Snye, Ontario South Browning, Montana Standoff, Alberta Toppenish, Washington Torres, California Vineland, Minnesota Wabowden, Manitoba Wapato, Washington Waubun, Minnesota Waywayseecappo, Manitoba Wellpinit, Washington West Bay, Ontario Weyakwin, Saskatchewan White Earth, Minnesota White Swan, Washington Whitefish Lake, Ontario Whitefish River, Ontario Whiterocks, Utah Wikwemikong, Ontario

First Nations Ahtahkakoop First Nation Aroland First Nation Attawapiskat First Nation Batchewana First Nation Bear Island First Nation Bearskin Lake First Nation Berens River First Nation Big Grassy First Nation Big Island First Nation Big River First Nation Big Trout Lake First Nation Black River First Nation Blood First Nation Bloodvein First Nation Brokenhead First Nation Brunswick House First Nation Buffalo Point First Nation Cat Lake First Nation Chapleau First Nation Chemawawin First Nation Chippewas of the Thames First Nation Clearwater River First Nation Constance Lake First Nation Cote First Nation Couchiching First Nation Cowessess First Nation Crane River First Nation Cross Lake First Nation Cumberland House First Nation Dalles First Nation Dauphin River First Nation Day Star First Nation Deer Lake First Nation Doig First Nation Duck Lake First Nation Eabametoong First Nation Eagle Lake First Nation Eagle Village First Nation East Moberly Lake First Nation Ebb & Flow First Nation Ermineskin First Nation Fairford First Nation Fisher River First Nation Fishing Lake First Nation Flying Dust First Nation Fort Albany First Nation Fort Alexander First Nation Fort Hope First Nation Fort McKay First Nation Fort Nelson First Nation Fort Severn First Nation Fort William First Nation Frog Lake First Nation Garden River First Nation Georgina Island First Nation Ginoogaming First Nation Golden Lake First Nation Gordon First Nation Grand Rapids First Nation Grassy Narrows First Nation Gull Bay First Nation Halfway River First Nation Henvey Inlet First Nation Hollow Water First Nation Iskatewizaagegan First Nation Jackhead First Nation James Smith First Nation Kahkewistahaw First Nation Kasabonika First Nation Kawacatoose First Nation Kebaowek (Kipawa) First Nation Keeseekoose First Nation Keeseekoowenin First Nation Keewaywin First Nation Kehewin First Nation Kingfisher First Nation Kinistin First Naton Kitcisakik First Nation Kitigan Zibi First Nation Lac Des Mille Lacs First Nation Lac La Croix First Nation Lac La Ronge First Nation Lac Seul First Nation Lac Simon First Nation Lake Manitoba First Nation Lake Nipigon First Nation Lake St. Martin First Nation Little Grand Rapids First Nation Little Saskatchewan First Nation Long Lake 58 First Nation Louis Bull First Nation Magnetawan First Nation Makwa Sahgaiehcan First Nation Manto Sipi First Nation Manto Sakahigan First Nation Marcel Colomb First Nation Marten Falls First Nation Matachewan First Nation Mathias Colomb First Nation Mattagami First Nation Michipicoten First Nation Mississagi First Nation Mistawasis First Nation Montana First Nation Montreal Lake First Nation Moose Lake First Nation Moose Deer Point First Nation Moosomin First Nation Muscowpetung First Nation Muskeg Lake First Nation Muskoday First Nation Muskrat Dam First Nation Nelson House First Nation Neskantaga First Nation North Caribou Lake First Nation North Spirit Lake First Nation Northwest Angle 33 First Nation Northwest Angle No. 37 First Nation Norway House First Nation Ochapowace First Nation O'Chiese First Nation Ojibway Nation of Saugeen First Nation Okanese First Nation Onigaming First Nation Onion Lake First Nation Opaskwayak First Nation Osnaburgh First Nation Oxford House First Nation Parry Island First Nation Pasqua First Nation Pauingassi First Nation Pays Plat First Nation Peepeekisis First Nation Peguis First Nation Pelican Lake First Nation Peter Ballantyne First Nation Piapot First Nation Pic Mobert First Nation Pic River First Nation Pikangikum First Nation Pikogan First Nation Pikwakanagan First Nation Pine Creek First Nation Poplar Hill First Nation Poplar River First Nation Rat Portage First Nation Red Earth First Nation Red Gut First Nation Red Rock First Nation Rocky Bay First Nation Rolling River First Nation Roseau River First Nation Sachigo Lake First Nation Saddle Lake First Nation Sagamok First Nation Sakimay First Nation Samson First Nation Sandy Bay First Nation Sandy Lake First Nation Saulteaux First Nation Scugog First Nation Seine First Nation Serpent River First Nation Shamattawa First Nation Shawanaga First Nation Sheguiandah First Nation Sheshegwaning First Nation Shoal Lake First Nation Shoal Lake No. 34b2 First Nation Shoal Lake No. 39 First Nation Shoal Lake First Nation Siksika First Nation Slate Falls First Nation South Indian Lake First Nation Split Lake First Nation Standing Buffalo First Nation Stanjikoming First Nation Star Blanket First Nation Sturgeon Lake First Nation Sucker Creek 23 First Nation Sunchild First Nation Swan Lake First Nation Temagami First Nation The Key First Nation Thunderchild First Nation Wabauskang First Nation Wabigoon First Nation Wahgoshig First Nation Walpole Island First Nation Wapekeka First Nation War Lake First Nation Washagamis First Nation Waterhen First Nation Waterhen Lake First Nation Wawakapewin First Nation Waywayseecappo First Nation Webequie First Nation Weenusk First Nation West Bay First Nation West Moberly Lake First Nation Whitebear First Nation Whitedog First Nation Whitefish Bay First Nation White Fish Lake 128 First Nation Whitefish River First Nation Whitesand First Nation Wikwemikong First Nation Winneway First Nation Witchekan Lake First Nation Wunnumin Lake First Nation Wuskwi Sipihk First Nation Yellow Quill First Nation York Factory First Nation Zhibaahaasing First Nation

Ojibwa Reservations Bad River Reservation Big Cyprus Reservation Blackfeet Reservation Brighton Reservation Cheyenne River Reservation Coeur d'Alene Reservation Colorado River Reservation Colville Reservation Crow Creek Reservation Crow/Northern Cheyenne Reservation Death Valley Reservation Duck Valley Reservation Durango Reservation Fond Du Lac Reservation Forest County Reservation Fort Apache/San Carlos Reservation Fort Assiniboine Reservation Fort Belknap Reservation Fort Berthold Reservation Fort Hall Reservation Fort Mojave Reservation Fort Peck Reservation Fort Yuma Reservation Goshute Reservation Grand Portage Reservation Grand Traverse Reservation Isabella Reservation Jocko Reservation Kaibab Reservation Lac Courte Oreille Reservation Lac Du Flambeau Reservation Lac Vieux Reservation L'Anse Reservation Leech Lake Reservation Lemhi Reservation Lower Brule Reservation Menominee Reservation Miccosukke Reservation Mille Lacs Reservation Nacimiento Reservation Navajo Reservation Nett Lake Reservation Nez Perce Reservation Papago Reservation Passamaquoddy Township Reservation Passamaquoddy Pleasant Point Reservation Penobscot Island Reservation Pine Ridge Reservation Quinault Reservation Red Cliff Reservation Red Lake Reservation Rosebud Reservation Sokaogan Reservation Spirit Lake Reservation Spokan Reservation Standing Rock Reservation Tamichopa Reservation Torres/Martinez Reservation Turtle Mountain Reservation Uintah Valley/Uncompahgre Reservation Umatilla Reservation Warm Springs Reservation White Earth Reservation Wind River Reservation Yakima Reservation

Ojibwa Reserves Akaitcho Ojibwa Reserve Battleford Agency Ojibwa Reserve Big Bears Ojibwa Reserve Birdtail Ojibwa Reserve Carlton Agency Ojibwa Reserve Clandeboye Agency Ojibwa Reserve Couchiching Agency Ojibwa Reserve Crooked Lakes Agency Ojibwa Reserve Decho Ojibwa Reserve Duck Lake Agency Ojibwa Reserve File Hills Ojibwa Reserve Ga Manis'tiguia Ojibwa Reserve Gwichin Ojibwa Reserve Hobbema Ojibwa Reserve Lake Manitoba Agency Ojibwa Reserve Lake of the Woods Agency Ojibwa Reserve Mishi Madaogiwining Ojibwa Reserve Misipawistik Agency Ojibwa Reserve Qu'Appelle Lakes Agency Ojibwa Reserve Rainy Lake Agency Ojibwa Reserve Sahtu Ojibwa Reserve Savanne Agency Ojibwa Reserve Tlicho Ojibwa Reserve Touchwood Hills Agency Ojibwa Reserve Tsimshian Ojibwa Reserve Walpole Island Ojibwa Reserve Wikwemikong Ojibwa Reserve

Siksika First Nation

This First Nation was set aside for the Beaver Tribe (aka Cree) and not Blackfoots. Siksika First Nation is located 26.0 miles (42.0 kilometers) east of Calgary, Alberta. Below are links to google earth photos of Siksika First Nation towns. According to 2021's census, population of Siksika First Nation is 3,576. There are 1,210 housing units with 1,051 lived in. Average household size is 3.4 persons per household. An estimated 5.3% of the population is 70 years of age or older. Around 405 people speak Corrupted Ojibwa Language at Siksika First Nation. As written, Siksika First Nation is not a Blackfoot First Nation. We trace the natives of Siksika First Nation far north to Northwest Territories. History knows them as the Beaver Tribe. Also included as being Beaver are Carriers, the Sekani and T'suu Tina (aka Sarcee). In 1774, they lived adjacent to and near Hudson Bays west shores. Large numbers of Ojibwa Soldiers from the south were sent north to attempt to bring these Ojibwa Traitors back under Ojibwa control. Around 1741, HBC Staff wrote that Ojibwa's from much further south had reached the York Factory region and had commenced to force Ojibwa Traitors to remain close to Hudson Bay. Ojibwa Soldiers continued to force their way north to what is now Nunavut. During 1774, 100's of English Soldiers, Inuit Soldiers and Ojibwa Traitors used Churchill River to sneak their way to the Cumberland House region of Saskatchewan. Also in 1774, Americans commenced a war against Ojibwa's. It's known as Lord Dunmores War. At Alaska, Russians commenced military campaigns against Ojibwa's and other tribes in 1774. This war is the infamous 1774/1794 War (aka American Revolutionary War). English Soldiers, Inuit Soldiers and Ojibwa Traitors (they were the most numerous) continued to expand northwest to the Northwest Territories. England established trade posts to compete with NWC (North West Company) and war was involved. Ojibwa Soldiers controlled the region yet Ojibwa Traitors were so addicted to alcohol and opium they'd risk trapping to obtain their drugs. They also pimped their women. Ojibwa Soldiers confined Ojibwa Traitors to extreme north Alberta and Northwest Territories. Some Ojibwa Traitors forced their way to north British Columbia. There they are known as Carrier Tribe for bringing European supplies (alcohol and opium were included) to tribes located at British Columbia. Ojibwa Traitors obtained the name "Beaver Tribe" because of trapping beavers. During mid 19th century, Beaver Tribe Soldiers were armed with revolvers and made for central Alberta or Fort Edmonton. During late 1860's they were instructed by English leaders to establish a military camp where Calgary is. Revolvers made them bold yet Ojibwa Soldiers dominated. English Soldiers were later sent to the military camp established by Ojibwa Traitors. Afterwards they built Fort Calgary. Many Ojibwa Traitors settled near Fort Calgary. England set aside three Reserves for them. Siksika Reserve, Stony Reserve and T'suu Tina Reserve. Siksika Reserve was largest. Fort Calgary was well defended. Why? To prevent Ojibwa's from Manitoba, Ontario and Saskatchewan and Montana Ojibwa's from forcing their way west and north! White leaders knew of Ojibwa Prophesy. From Fort Calgary they launched military campaigns as far south as Lethbridge and the Cypress Hills where they established a military camp later known as Fort Walsh. Ojibwa Soldiers from Montana, south Alberta and south Saskatchewan, fought Ojibwa Traitors who were instructed to establish a military camp near what is now Havre, Montana. Americans later built Fort Assiniboine at that location. During 1876/1877's War at Montana, large numbers of Montana Ojibwa's fled to the Cypress Hills. Chief's Big Bear, Rocky Boy and Sitting Bull led them there. From Fort Calgary, several strong English Forts prevented most Ojibwa's from reaching Alaska. Fort Calgary was strongest fort as a result of a large population of Ojibwa Traitors and Inuits. Many Montana Ojibwa's did reach Alaska however. More important history information is below photos links.

Bow River Satellite Image

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Bartstow Satellite Image

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One Gun Satellite Image

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Land Surrender of 1910

A land surrender in 1910 sent many Montana Ojibwa's to Siksika Reserve. It was part of forced relocations that chief Rocky Boys Montana Ojibwa Subjects dealt with in 1909 and 1910. As a result of Ojibwa Prophesy, Montana had a very large Ojibwa population. Most lived at north central Montana and particularly the Great Falls region. American leaders did not want a large Ojibwa population at Montana and forced large numbers of Montana Ojibwa's to relocate elsewhere. Siksika Reserve has a larger population because of 1910's land surrender which was intended for chief Rocky Boys Montana Ojibwa Subjects. Instead of giving the south portion of Siksika Reserve (115,000 acres) to chief Rocky Boys Montana Ojibwa Subjects, white leaders betrayed them and gave the land to white settlers. 1910's land surrender is an indicator that Siksika Reserve is populated mostly by Ojibwa's. A smaller population from the Beaver Tribe lives there. Canada is trying to assimilate the natives of Siksika First Nation Reserve. Gleichen and Cluny are border towns. Many Siksika Reserve natives are attracted to the border towns for employment opportunities. As many as 10 or more communities are at Siksika Reserve. There are no Cree First Nations at Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec! Below the photos are excerpts from very old books that will help educate you! Look for the 18th century maps. Instead of south to north they are from southeast to northwest. Churchill River is the north boundary. However, that boundary no longer was observed after 1774. Ojibwa Soldiers took control of land north of Churchill River. A few Assiniboine and Cree lived west of Lake Winnipeg but were driven to northwest by 1800 by Ojibwa Soldiers. Churchill River was a boundary used in the 18th century. From Churchill, Manitoba to South Indian Lake, Manitoba to Sandy Bay, Saskatchewan to Buffalo Narrows, Saskatchewan where the source of Churchill River is, this river flows for 1,000 miles. It's source is Churchill Lake, Saskatchewan. All land north of Churchill River is Chipewyan land. Chipewyan is the correct pronunciation of O Chib-bwan or Chib-bwan which means "The Originals and Originals in Ojibwa Language."

Look for the mountain peak shape on the map. That's where Churchill is located. Churchill River is almost adjacent to Churchill Town. Part London of Hudson Bay is written above the mountain shaped peak. You can tell it's been violated! It should read "Part of Hudson Bay." Andrew Graham drew the map in 1774. In 1991, another source "Ruggles," either copied the 1774 map of Andrew Graham or changed it. Lake Winnipeg and Lake Manitoba (Mantouabau) look awkward! That's because the map is from southeast to northwest. Nekawawuck Indian Country represents Northern Ojibwa Territory. It's definition is not known. However, the "ne" represents point in Ojibwa Language so it refers to a place and people. Discovering what "ka-wa-wuck" means won't be easy! Word for "Freezing" in Ojibwa Language is either "Mash-ka-wad-ji-win or Ga-wad-ji-win." The 'd' is not pronounced. It's used to let learners know that the following 'j' is pronounced like judge, just, ect. Not like 'zhi.' Ne Ka-wa-wuck probably means "Point Freeze People." Pronunciation is "Nay Ga-wa-wug." An excellent description of the Churchill, Manitoba region! Of course, you've noticed the point where Churchill is! Keskachewan (Italians and the Beaver Tribe or Cree) Territory extends to almost Nunavut. Dogrib Territory (Ateemouspecky) Territory is located at southwest Nunavut.


This is a satellite image of the same region from google earth. It's from a southeast to northwest direction. It fits in well with the 1774 Andrew Graham Map. Lake Winnipeg looks almost similar to how it's depicted on the 1774 Andrew Graham Map.


What did they mean by "Keskachewans Resort Prior To European Settlements?" Were they indicating the Keskachewans resorted to migrate west. If they did resort to a west migration, Graham was writing about the establishment of Cumberland House at Saskatchewan in 1774 by Samuel Hearne. That would confirm the Keskachewans were Europeans with some of the Beaver Tribe (the Assiniboine and Cree) who sneaked their way to what is now the Cumberland House Region of Saskatchewan in 1774. Italians had already reached that area decades earlier! That's why Graham was familiar with that region! If Graham was referring to Italians reaching Manitoba and Saskatchewan in the 1730's and early 1750's that is! Fort de la Corne was built in 1753. It was located east of what is now Prince Albert, Saskatchewan almost adjacent to the east border of James Smith Reserve. Fort La Jonquiere was built in 1751 and was located near what is now Nipawin, Saskatchewan. Italians had established forts at south Manitoba in the 1730's. Using alcohol and drugs they lured in idiotic Ojibwa's (the Beaver Tribe or Assiniboine and Cree) who pitched their camps near the three Italian Forts built at south Manitoba. After Ojibwa Soldiers drove the Italians out during 1750-1763's War, those idiotic Ojibwa's relocated to European Forts adjacent to Hudson Bay. If Keskachewans do represent Europeans it means Northern Ojibwa Territory extends as far north as the Arctic Ocean! Graham wrote "NORTHERN KESKACHEWAN - BEAVER INDIANS." Cursive writing on the maps is very difficult to decipher. Graham was certainly referring to Europeans and idiotic Ojibwa's (the Assiniboine and Cree) as being the KESKACHEWANS AND BEAVER INDIANS. SOUTHERN KESKACHEWANS REPRESENT EUROPEANS OR ITALIAN'S. Evidently Italians continued to live at south Manitoba in the late 18th century. Though Graham wrote Assiniboine as Asenepoets we know who they are. Asenepoets is pronounced 'Ah-sin-ni-poats.' Read the following carefully. At Island Lake, Manitoba, Ojibwa leaders of Garden Hill, St. Theresa Point, Wasagamack and Red Sucker Lake are so stupid they don't know what "Oji" means. It's a combined word meaning "The originals." The "O" means 'the' in Ojibwa Language. Similar in sound to the Ojibwa word for 'that' which is "aw." It's pronounced "ow." It ryhmes with 'cow.' Oji is from "O Tchi Bwa." Word for before as in original in Ojibwa Language is "Tchi Bwa." It's pronounced "Tchib Bwa." Some Ojibwa Language Dialects pronounce it "Ji Bwa or Jib Bwa." They're scared and looking for excuses!